The Era of the Common Man (1829–1837) marked the rise of Andrew Jackson and a shift in American politics toward the everyday citizen. Jackson, a self-made war hero, championed white male suffrage, expanding voting rights beyond the elite. His presidency saw the growth of populism, a fierce opposition to aristocracy, and controversial policies like the Indian Removal Act and the war on the Second Bank of the U.S. While celebrated as a victory for the “common man,” it largely excluded women, Native Americans, and Black Americans, highlighting the deep inequalities that still shaped the nation.

The Battle of Gettysburg (July 1–3, 1863) was the deadliest and most decisive clash of the American Civil War. Confederate General Robert E. Lee, aiming to strike a crushing blow in Union territory, led his army into Pennsylvania, only to be met by Union forces under General George Meade. After three days of relentless fighting—including the disastrous Pickett’s Charge—Lee’s army was forced to retreat. With over 50,000 casualties, the battle marked the beginning of the end for the Confederacy. Months later, Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address transformed the war’s purpose into a fight for freedom and national unity.

The Plessy v. Ferguson decision (1896) cemented racial segregation in the U.S. for decades. The case began when Homer Plessy, a biracial man, deliberately sat in a “whites-only” train car in Louisiana, challenging segregation laws. The Supreme Court ruled against him, establishing the infamous “separate but equal” doctrine, which justified Jim Crow laws across the South. In reality, separate was never equal—Black Americans faced inferior schools, facilities, and systemic discrimination. The ruling wasn’t overturned until Brown v. Board of Education (1954), but its impact fueled the fight for civil rights in the 20th century.

The sinking of the Lusitania (May 7, 1915) was a shocking act of wartime aggression that pushed the U.S. closer to World War I. A German U-boat torpedoed the British ocean liner off the coast of Ireland, killing 1,198 passengers, including 128 Americans. Germany claimed the ship carried munitions, justifying the attack, but the tragedy sparked outrage and intensified anti-German sentiment. Though the U.S. remained neutral for two more years, the Lusitania’s sinking became a rallying cry, influencing public opinion and President Wilson’s eventual decision to join the war in 1917.

On August 6 and 9, 1945, the U.S. dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, bringing World War II to a devastating close. The bombings, ordered by President Truman, aimed to force Japan’s surrender without a costly invasion. Hiroshima was obliterated first, killing 80,000 instantly, with tens of thousands more dying from radiation. Three days later, Nagasaki suffered the same fate, with 40,000 immediate deaths. On August 15, Japan surrendered, ending the war. The bombings ushered in the nuclear age, sparking ethical debates and a Cold War arms race that reshaped global power dynamics.

The Declaration of Independence (1776) was the defining moment of a turbulent decade. From the Boston Tea Party’s defiance to the first shots at Lexington and Concord, the revolution was already in motion—but Jefferson’s words gave it purpose. As Washington braved the icy Delaware and his soldiers endured the harsh winter at Valley Forge, the dream of liberty transformed from rebellion to revolution. This document wasn’t just ink on parchment; it was the heartbeat of a new nation, declaring to the world that the American experiment in democracy had begun.

The young American republic, victorious yet unstable, faced a new challenge—governing itself. The Articles of Confederation had proven weak, unable to unify the states or manage a growing nation. In response, the Founding Fathers drafted the Constitution, a bold blueprint for democracy. Some believed it should adapt with time, evolving alongside the country, while others insisted on strict interpretation, preserving the Founders’ intent. Regardless, this document became the backbone of the nation, ensuring a delicate balance of power and setting the stage for centuries of debate, progress, and the ever-unfolding American experiment.

The Dred Scott Decision (1857) was a Supreme Court ruling that shook the nation. Dred Scott, an enslaved man, sued for his freedom, arguing that living in free territories made him free. The court, led by Chief Justice Roger Taney, ruled against him, declaring that Black Americans—free or enslaved—were not U.S. citizens and had no right to sue. It also struck down the Missouri Compromise, allowing slavery to expand westward. The decision outraged abolitionists, deepened sectional tensions, and pushed the country closer to civil war, proving that slavery was not just a moral issue but a legal and political battleground.

The Battle of the Little Bighorn (June 25–26, 1876) was a stunning victory for the Lakota Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho against the U.S. Army. Led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse, Native warriors annihilated Lieutenant Colonel George Custer and his 7th Cavalry after Custer recklessly divided his forces. Outnumbered and overwhelmed, Custer and over 200 soldiers were killed in what became known as “Custer’s Last Stand.” Though a rare Indigenous triumph, it led to harsher U.S. military campaigns, ultimately forcing many tribes onto reservations, marking a turning point in the struggle for Native sovereignty.

The Haymarket Affair (May 4, 1886) was a pivotal moment in the labor movement, ending in chaos and violence. During a rally in Chicago, workers protested for an eight-hour workday when an unknown person threw a bomb at police. In the ensuing gunfire, several officers and civilians were killed. Authorities blamed anarchist labor leaders, leading to controversial trials and the execution of four activists. The event deepened tensions between workers and industrialists, turning public opinion against the labor movement. Despite this, it became a symbol of workers’ rights, inspiring International Workers’ Day (May Day) worldwide.

The PATCO strike of 1981 was a defining moment in U.S. labor history. Over 13,000 air traffic controllers, members of the Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (PATCO), went on strike, demanding higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions. President Ronald Reagan, citing federal laws against government worker strikes, issued an ultimatum: return to work or be fired. When controllers refused, he dismissed over 11,000 workers, permanently replacing them. The move crippled the union, reshaped labor relations, and signaled a new era of anti-union policies. It remains one of the most controversial labor decisions in U.S. history.

The dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 marked the end of the Cold War and the collapse of one of history’s most powerful superpowers. Years of economic stagnation, political unrest, and nationalist movements weakened the USSR. Mikhail Gorbachev’s reforms—glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring)—failed to save it. In August 1991, a failed coup attempt by hardliners further destabilized the government. By December 25, 1991, Gorbachev resigned, and the 15 Soviet republics became independent nations. The Russian Federation, led by Boris Yeltsin, emerged as the USSR’s successor, signaling the official end of Soviet rule.

As the new country began finding its feet, U.S. President George Washington sent troops to western Pennsylvania in 1794 to quell the Whiskey Rebellion, an uprising by citizens who refused to pay a liquor tax that had been imposed by Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton to raise money for the national debt and to assert the power of the national government. Federalists cheered the triumph of national authority, while members of Thomas Jefferson’s Republican (later Democratic-Republican) Party were appalled by what they saw as government overreach. More than two centuries later, the names and faces have changed, but the story is ongoing.

The Louisiana Territory, a vast expanse of over 800,000 square miles, changed hands between France and Spain before Napoleon, strapped for cash, sold it to Thomas Jefferson in 1803 for $27 million. The deal doubled the size of the young United States, eventually giving rise to 15 states, including Louisiana, Missouri, and the Dakotas. With so much uncharted land, Jefferson sent Lewis and Clark on a two-year expedition to map rivers, befriend (or clash with) Indigenous tribes, and see what exactly the U.S. had just bought—unknowingly laying the groundwork for westward expansion.

On January 8, 1815, Andrew Jackson led a scrappy force of soldiers, frontiersmen, and pirates to a stunning victory over the British in the Battle of New Orleans—completely unaware that the War of 1812 had already ended. The Treaty of Ghent, signed weeks earlier, hadn’t yet reached the battlefield. Though the war itself was a stalemate, Jackson’s triumph turned him into a national hero and fueled the belief that America had won. In reality, the war’s key disputes remained unresolved, but the victory gave the young nation a much-needed morale boost and a legend in the making.

In 1823, President James Monroe issued a bold declaration: European powers were no longer welcome to colonize or interfere in the Americas. Known as the Monroe Doctrine, this policy warned Europe to stay out of the Western Hemisphere, asserting that any attempt to extend their influence would be seen as a threat to U.S. security. Though the U.S. lacked the military strength to enforce it at the time, the doctrine became a cornerstone of American foreign policy, shaping its role in the region for centuries and justifying future interventions in Latin America.

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) ended the Mexican-American War, redrawing the map of North America. In exchange for $15 million, Mexico ceded California, Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming, handing the U.S. nearly one-third of its current land. The treaty also promised rights to Mexican citizens in the newly acquired territories, though many faced discrimination and land seizures. While the deal fulfilled Manifest Destiny, it deepened tensions over slavery, setting the stage for future conflicts. Mexico, meanwhile, was left weakened, having lost nearly half of its territory.

The breakup of Northern Securities (1902–1904) was a landmark victory in Theodore Roosevelt’s fight against corporate monopolies. Northern Securities Company, a massive railroad trust controlled by J.P. Morgan and James J. Hill, dominated rail transport in the Northwest, stifling competition. Roosevelt’s administration sued under the Sherman Antitrust Act, and in 1904, the Supreme Court ruled to dissolve the company. This set a precedent for trust-busting, proving that even the most powerful corporations were not above the law. The case cemented Roosevelt’s reputation as a “trust-buster” and signaled a new era of government regulation over big business.

The U.S. Army–McCarthy hearings (April–June 1954) exposed Senator Joseph McCarthy’s reckless hunt for communists, leading to his downfall. After years of accusing government officials of communist ties, McCarthy turned on the U.S. Army, claiming it harbored subversives. The televised hearings revealed his aggressive, baseless accusations, shocking the public. The most famous moment came when Army lawyer Joseph Welch confronted him: “Have you no sense of decency, sir?” The spectacle eroded McCarthy’s support, and by year’s end, the Senate censured him. The hearings marked the collapse of McCarthyism, ending an era of paranoia-fueled political witch hunts.

The Watergate scandal (1972–1974) was a political crisis that led to President Richard Nixon’s resignation. It began with the break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters in the Watergate complex, orchestrated by Nixon’s re-election campaign. As journalists and investigators uncovered wiretapping, cover-ups, and abuses of power, Nixon’s administration unraveled. The release of the White House tapes provided damning evidence, and facing impeachment, Nixon became the first U.S. president to resign on August 8, 1974. Vice President Gerald Ford took office, later pardoning Nixon. The scandal eroded public trust in government and led to major political reforms.

On September 11, 2001, the U.S. faced the deadliest terrorist attack in its history. Al-Qaeda hijackers seized four commercial planes, crashing two into the World Trade Center in New York City, one into the Pentagon, and another in Pennsylvania after passengers fought back. Nearly 3,000 people were killed, and the Twin Towers collapsed, leaving the nation in shock. The attacks led to the War on Terror, the Patriot Act, and the invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq. Security policies worldwide were reshaped, and the day remains a symbol of resilience, loss, and the fight against terrorism.

The Stock Market Crash of 1929 shattered the illusion of endless prosperity, marking the beginning of the Great Depression. On October 24 (“Black Thursday”), panic selling sent prices tumbling, and by October 29 (“Black Tuesday”), the market had collapsed. Over $30 billion vanished in days, wiping out fortunes and devastating investors. Reckless speculation, buying on margin, and an overheated economy all contributed to the crash. Banks failed, businesses crumbled, and unemployment skyrocketed. The economic downturn lasted a decade, prompting sweeping reforms, including FDR’s New Deal, to rebuild confidence in the financial system.

On March 12, 1933, Franklin D. Roosevelt delivered his first Fireside Chat, a radio address that reassured a nation in crisis. Amid the Great Depression, banks were failing, and public trust had collapsed. Speaking calmly and clearly, FDR explained his banking reforms and urged Americans to keep their money in banks instead of hoarding cash. His words restored confidence, and when banks reopened, deposits surged. The Fireside Chats became a hallmark of his presidency, using radio to connect directly with the people, making them feel informed and included in the fight for economic recovery.

On April 4, 1968, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., the leader of the civil rights movement, was assassinated on the balcony of the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee. King had traveled there to support striking sanitation workers, continuing his fight for racial and economic justice. His killer, James Earl Ray, shot him with a rifle, sparking nationwide riots and an outpouring of grief. King’s death was a devastating blow, but his legacy endured, inspiring civil rights legislation and continued struggles for equality. His message of nonviolence and justice remains a powerful force in American history.

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, spread globally in early 2020, triggering a crisis unlike any in modern history. Governments imposed lockdowns, travel bans, and mask mandates as hospitals filled and economies stalled. Scientists raced to develop vaccines, which rolled out by late 2020, but new variants prolonged the crisis. The pandemic reshaped daily life, accelerating remote work, digital services, and medical advancements while exposing healthcare and economic inequalities. With millions of lives lost, COVID-19 left a lasting impact on global health policies, economies, and public trust in institutions.